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Digital Certificates: Web Resources and Links

Resources on digital certificates — standards, certificate authorities and tutorials.

23 topics•3 categories•Updated November 2026

Explanations & Tutorials

7 entries

What certificates are and how they work.

01Public key certificate (Wikipedia)Overview of public key certificates. 02What is a digital certificate? (TechTarget)Definition and use. 03Digital Signatures and Certificates (GeeksforGeeks)Tutorial. 04What is an SSL certificate? (DigiCert)DigiCert introduction. 05Digital certificates (Comodo, now Sectigo)Comodo CA business is now Sectigo. 06Digital certificate (Webopedia)Definition. 07How Let's Encrypt worksHow automated certificate issuance works.

Certificate Authorities & Standards

6 entries

Who issues certificates and the rules.

08Let's EncryptFree automated certificate authority. Let's Encrypt says its OCSP service reached end of life on 6 August 2025, so revocation information now comes from CRLs. 09DigiCertCertificate authority. 10SectigoCertificate authority (formerly Comodo CA). Sectigo announced on 29 January 2025 that it was acquiring Entrust's public certificate business and said on 25 September 2025 that it had completed the migration of those customers. 11CA/Browser ForumIndustry body setting baseline requirements. Its ballot SC-081v3, adopted in April 2025, cuts the maximum TLS certificate validity from 398 days to 47 days in phases from March 2026 to March 2029; secondary sources give 200 days from 15 March 2026 and 100 days from 15 March 2027. 12X.509 profile (RFC 5280)Internet X.509 certificate profile. 13Controller of Certifying Authorities (India)Regulator for digital signature certificates in India.

PKI Standards & Operations

3 entries

PKI.

14X.509 (RFC 5280)Certificate profile. 15Let's Encrypt DocsFree automated certificates. 16Certificate TransparencyPublic certificate logs.

Related Pages

7 entries

Neighbouring pages on this site.

17EncryptionEncryption resources. 18IT SecurityIT security hub. 19Information SecurityOverview of information security. 20CybersecurityCybersecurity hub. 21CryptographyCryptography resources. 22Authentication LinksAuthentication resources. 23Digital SignatureDigital signature resources.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is a digital certificate?

An electronic credential, usually X.509, that binds a public key to an identity and is signed by a certificate authority.

How do I get one?

For websites, free automated certificates from Let's Encrypt or paid ones from a CA; for signing in India, from a licensed certifying authority.

How long are certificates valid?

Public TLS certificates have limited lifetimes and are renewed automatically. Under CA/Browser Forum ballot SC-081v3 the maximum validity falls from 398 days to 47 days in phases between March 2026 and March 2029, so plan for automated renewal.

What replaced the older entries?

Dead or outdated links were removed, redirects updated, and standards and current tools added.

Which additional references does this page add?

The section 'PKI Standards & Operations' lists X.509 (RFC 5280), CA/Browser Forum, Let's Encrypt Docs, Certificate Transparency, Controller of Certifying Authorities.

How current is this list?

Links were checked in October 2026. Sites that block automated checks are kept and may need a manual click.