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Blockchain & Smart Contract Languages

A directory of languages for blockchain development — EVM languages, languages for other chains, general-purpose languages used to build nodes and apps, and research on safer contract languages. Links go to each language's home or documentation page.

36 topics•5 categories•Updated October 2026

EVM & Ethereum Smart Contract Languages

4 entries

Languages that compile to the Ethereum Virtual Machine.

01SolidityStatically typed, curly-braces language for smart contracts on Ethereum and other EVM chains. 02VyperContract-oriented, Pythonic language that targets the Ethereum Virtual Machine. 03YulIntermediate language for the EVM, usable as inline assembly in Solidity. 04FeStatically typed language for the EVM inspired by Rust and Python.

Smart Contract Languages for Other Chains

16 entries

Purpose-built languages for non-EVM blockchains.

05MoveResource-oriented language for safe digital assets, used on Sui and Aptos. 06Sui MoveDocumentation for building smart contracts in Move on the Sui blockchain. 07Rust (Anchor for Solana)Framework for writing Solana programs in Rust. 08CairoLanguage for provable programs, used on Starknet. 09MichelsonStack-based low-level language for Tezos smart contracts. 10SmartPyPython-based library and language for Tezos smart contracts. 11LiquidityHigh-level, fully typed functional language for Tezos smart contracts. 12AikenFunctional language for writing Cardano smart contracts. 13Plinth (Plutus)Haskell-based platform for writing Cardano smart contracts. 14ClarityDecidable smart contract language used on Stacks. 15PyTealPython library for writing Algorand smart contracts. 16ink!Rust-based embedded language for Polkadot and Substrate smart contracts. 17MotokoLanguage and developer docs for building on the Internet Computer. 18Sophia (æternity)Compiler for Sophia, the functional smart contract language of æternity. GitHub lists v8.0.1 as the latest release, from April 2024, so check its activity before relying on it. 19DamlSmart contract language and platform for multi-party workflows in finance. 20RholangConcurrent, message-passing language formally modelled on the rho-calculus.

General-purpose Languages for Blockchain Development

12 entries

Languages commonly used to build nodes, clients and applications.

21GoOpen-source language from Google, used to build clients such as go-ethereum and Hyperledger Fabric. 22RustMemory-safe systems language used for Solana, Polkadot and many blockchain clients. 23JavaScript (MDN)Official reference and guides for the language behind dApp front ends and web3 libraries. 24TypeScriptTyped superset of JavaScript widely used with ethers.js, viem and Hardhat. 25PythonLanguage for blockchain scripting, analysis and tools such as web3.py. 26JavaHome for Java developers; used for Hyperledger and enterprise blockchain clients. 27C#.NET language used with Nethereum and enterprise blockchain integrations. 28C++Standard C++ site; the language of Bitcoin Core and other high-performance clients. 29KotlinJVM language used for the Corda platform and Android blockchain apps. 30ErlangFunctional language for concurrent, fault-tolerant systems, used by the æternity node. 31LuaLightweight scripting language used for smart contracts on AERGO. 32SQLStandard query language used with hybrid platforms such as AERGO.

Research Papers

2 entries

Academic work on safer smart contract languages.

33Mandala (paper)Proposes Mandala, a smart contract language focused on safety and auditability. 34ScillaIntermediate-level smart contract language designed to make contracts less vulnerable to bugs by construction.

Related Pages

2 entries

Related blockchain directories on this site.

35Blockchain ResourcesBooks, papers, courses and news on blockchain. 36Post-Quantum Cryptography for BlockchainHow quantum computing threatens blockchains and the standards and research responding.

Frequently Asked Questions

Which language should I learn for smart contracts?

Start with Solidity, which runs on Ethereum and all EVM-compatible chains. Rust is the next choice for Solana, Polkadot and Near, and Move is used on Sui and Aptos.

What is the difference between Solidity and Vyper?

Solidity is the most widely used EVM language with a large ecosystem, while Vyper is Pythonic and deliberately minimal to make contracts easier to audit.

Which languages are used to build blockchain nodes and clients?

Go, Rust, C++, Java and Erlang are common. For example, go-ethereum is written in Go, Bitcoin Core in C++, and Solana programs in Rust.

What are Move and Cairo?

Move is a resource-oriented language designed for safe asset handling and used on Sui and Aptos. Cairo is designed for provable computation and is used on Starknet.

Why are some languages not listed?

Languages whose sites no longer work or have been taken over by unrelated content are left out. Huff, for example, now points to an unrelated site, so it is excluded.